Evolution Korea
South Korea's democracy is prone to populist tendencies. It is still healthier than we had hoped for.
The country is looking for a new way of developing. A Confucian culture that values respect for ancestors and gendered family relationships continues to influence the society. There are indications of a secularist culture trend emerging.
Origins
In the prehistoric era the ancestors of today's Koreans were able to survive by hunting and gathering wild foods. Around 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet and beans as well as other crops. They also raised livestock and made furs. They formed tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also established a metallurgy industry, producing bronze and later iron tools. They traded with other states and introduced celadon paper making, block printing, art styles and a written language to Japan.
Gojoseon was founded in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. This state embraced Chinese culture which included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. During this time the people of Buyeo became part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon had a hierarchical structure that included a monarch as well as high-ranking officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy, while the rest of the population was peasants. The state imposed taxes on these citizens and sometimes required them to serve in the army or take part in government projects such as building fortifications.
By the end of the period the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom grew into the southwest of the peninsula, and was at war against the Goguryeo commanderies and China's in the region. Baekje adopted Confucian ideas into its state beliefs system in 1390 CE, and introduced the male-centric concept of filiopiety a tenet. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were responsible to their families. They must be obeyed by all and respected by their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, a nation which ruled from 918 until 1392 CE, gave the world the Hangul Alphabet, based on the patterns created by the mouth when pronouncing. This greatly improved communication between people, and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and movable metal type were also improved. In 1145 CE, the Samguk Sagi, or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was first recorded.
Development in Korea
The Korean peninsula was habitable from Neolithic times onwards. Early evidence of human settlements is evident in the form of cist graves that were lined with stone, with precious items such as amazonite jewelry that were buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, constructed from massive single stones, are also common throughout the country.
Gojoseon was the first political state to be recognized in the first half of the 1st millennium BCE. The peninsula was ruled by a variety of states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BC- 635 CE) including Baekje Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. The northern part of the peninsula was occupied for a time by the Balhae Kingdom that historians do believe to be a true Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Among them, Baekje was the most powerful of them all, but its dynasty ended when Goguryeo was defeated in 676 CE, leaving it with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region around the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy flourished for a short time.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to work together in order to expand their territory. Silla with the help of the Chinese eventually conquered and united the peninsula in 935.
As Korea enters a post-crisis phase, its development paradigm seems to be changing. Those who are horrified by the huge costs of the old systems support a comprehensive program of liberalization of labor, capital and product markets. On the other hand, champions of the old system are seeking to keep it in place by leveraging nationalist sentiments and exaggerating fears of job loss.
The academic and policy analysts remain starkly divided as to the extent to the extent that these two trends are driving Koreas shift towards a new model of economic governance. This article assesses developments to date, by looking at five phases of Korea's political evolution that include democratic illiberalism (1945-60) democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) and authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87) democratic paternalism (1987-2001), and participatory democracy (2002 to the present). This article also identifies key factors that are the driving force behind these developments.
Read More Listed here in Korea
In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have made strides in promoting their beliefs to this group. A survey in 2009 revealed that nearly three-quarters of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of the respondents, 41% believed that there was no scientific evidence to support the theory 39% of respondents said it contradicted their religious beliefs, and 17% said they did not know what it meant. The level of doubt is similar to the United States where a similar percentage do not believe humans evolved from earlier forms of life.
In the past of the anti-evolution movements in Korea was focused on educating college students and in bringing them to Christ. A significant increase in interest in creation science began in the year 1980, when there was the inauguration of a four-day seminar during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which featured Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the main speakers. This event attracted a large number of professors, church leaders and scientists.
The success of this event resulted in the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st, 1981. The meeting was covered extensively in the national media, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
KACR began publishing a newsletter called CREATION. In it, the group reported on its own activities and published articles on scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated a number of slides and film strips from ICR and also some books on the subject that were already in print outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures in churches and universities throughout the country.
One example of one KACR success story was at the KAIST university in Seoul. Students at the KAIST university in Seoul were so keen on the concept of creationism that they raised funds and received funding to construct an enlightened museum on campus.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION which covers topics in the field of creation science, and it has sponsored a series of talks by ICR staff. It also has a network of local branch offices that offer talks and seminars to children and other community groups.
The evolution of South Korea
In the late 19th century and the beginning of 20th, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The traditional hanbok, or Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts, as well as other fashion elements from abroad. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by rock and roll and jazz. In this period, the famous samulnori, or masked dance-dramas, became loved by the public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drummers as well as other musical instruments.
Korea's new model of development is being formed in the wake of the economic crisis. The biggest challenge facing the new regime is to strike a balance between market-oriented and state-led policies. It also requires changing incentives, monitoring or disciplining schemes which have shaped the system prior to the crisis. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4.
Baekje was founded by Onjo Prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo, was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other regions and also by a migrant from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. As a result, it was in frequent battle with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders across the border.
에볼루션 슬롯 of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the development of powerful local factions. Gungye, a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital and held control over a portion of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju and became a rival to Goguryeo.
His rule was however only for a short time. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935, and then united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla Later, he incorporated Baekje into Goryeo and acted as a peaceful successor. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the centralized ruling system. This was the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. From then on the Korean peninsula was ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually developed into powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.